Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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Lines
of latitude are parallel. _________________________
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2.
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The
Topex/Poseidon satellite allows its users to determine their exact position on Earth.
______________________________
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3.
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The
science of mapmaking is called cartography. _________________________
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4.
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The
prime meridian represents 0° longitude. _________________________
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5.
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The
International Date Line is another name for the equator.
_________________________
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6.
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A
Mercator projection distorts areas near the poles. _________________________
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7.
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A
contour line on a world map connects points of equal elevation.
_________________________
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8.
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A
map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.
_________________________
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9.
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The
wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is the number of waves that pass a particular point each
second. _________________________
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10.
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Satellites in the Global Positioning System help users determine their exact
weight. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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11.
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What
is the longitude of the prime meridian? a. | 0° | c. | 90° west | b. | 90°
east | d. | 180° | | | | |
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12.
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Which
of the following is used by navigators to plot great-circle routes? a. | Mercator
projection | c. | gnomonic
projection | b. | conic projection | d. | topographic map | | | | |
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13.
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Which
of the following is used extensively for navigation by airplanes and ships? a. | depression
contour line | c. | Topex/Poseidon
satellite | b. | Landsat satellite | d. | Global Positioning System | | | | |
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14.
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What
is the latitude of the north pole? a. | 0° north | c. | 180° north | b. | 90°
north | d. | 360°
north | | | | |
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15.
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Each
degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 smaller units called ____. a. | meridians | c. | seconds | b. | grids | d. | minutes | | | | |
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16.
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Which
statement about lines of longitude is true? a. | They converge at the equator. | b. | They converge at
the poles. | c. | They are parallel. | d. | They locate
positions in north and south directions. | | |
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17.
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Into
how many time zones is Earth divided?
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18.
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All
flat maps distort either the shapes or the areas of landmasses because ____. a. | the boundaries
of landmasses are not known with certainty | b. | such large structures cannot be drawn
accurately | c. | lines of latitude are not perfectly
parallel | d. | Earth is a curved, three-dimensional
object | | |
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19.
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On a
topographic map, the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the
____. a. | contour
interval | c. | depression
contour | b. | index contour | d. | hachure | | | | |
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20.
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What
is a graphic scale? a. | a statement that expresses distance, such as one centimeter
equals one kilometer | b. | a ratio that expresses distance, such as 1:50
000 | c. | a line broken
into sections that represent units with each section representing a distance on Earths
surface | d. | a diagram that shows the elevation of the hills and valleys of
an area | | |
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21.
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GPS
satellites can relay information about all of the following except ____. a. | position | c. | direction | b. | elevation | d. | weather | | | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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22.
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If
you were traveling ____________________ across the International Date Line, you would advance your
calendar one day.
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23.
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The
speed of light in a vacuum is ____________________ km/s.
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Matching
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | cartography | d. | map
scale | b. | contour line | e. | remote sensing | c. | map
legend | f. | topographic
map | | | | |
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24.
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The
process of collecting data about Earth from far above Earth's surface
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25.
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Explains what the symbols on a map represent
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26.
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The
science of mapmaking
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27.
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Connects points of equal elevation on a map
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28.
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Type
of map that shows changes in elevation of Earth's surface
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29.
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The
ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth
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Short Answer
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30.
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Contrast the distortion that is produced by a Mercator projection, a conic projection,
and a gnomonic projection.
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31.
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There
is a mistake in the topographic map shown in the figure below. Identify the mistake and explain why
it is wrong.
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32.
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Which
of the remote-sensing satellites discussed in Chapter 2 would be most likely to detect a large fire
burning on Earth's surface? Explain your reasoning.
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Compare and contrast each pair of related terms or phrases.
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33.
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latitude, longitude
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34.
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conic
projection, gnomonic projection
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35.
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Landsat satellite, Topex/Poseidon satellite
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36.
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Time
zone boundaries do not always line up perfectly with lines of longitude. Why?
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37.
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Why
does a Mercator projection exaggerate the areas of landmasses near the poles?
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38.
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Why
do contour lines never cross?
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39.
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Why
are map scales useful?
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40.
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How
does the Topex/Poseidon satellite collect data?
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Use
the table to answer the following questions.
City | Latitude | Longitude | Cape Town, South
Africa | 34°S | 18°E | Pontianak,
Indonesia | 0° | 109°E | Nome,
Alaska | 65°N | 165°W | Quito,
Ecuador | 0° | 79°W | Stockholm,
Sweden | 59°N | 18°E | Wellington, New
Zealand | 41°S | 175°E | | | |
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41.
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Which
city is closest to the International Date Line?
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42.
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Which
city is farthest from the equator?
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43.
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What
is the approximate distance between Stockholm and Cape Town? Explain your answer.
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44.
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What
is the approximate distance between Pontianak and Quito? Explain your answer.
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45.
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When
it is Thursday in Wellington, what day is it in Nome? Explain your answer.
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46.
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Suppose you were given a topographic map that did not show index contours. What would
the map indicate about the terrain of the area shown? What would the map not indicate?
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Problem
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47.
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Look
at the map of Australia. The table below lists the longitude and latitude for several locations in
Australia. Complete by using the map to fill in the missing coordinates.
LATITUDE | LONGITUDE | LOCATION | a. ______ | 131°E | Ayers
Rock | 38°S | b.
______ | Melbourne | 32°S | c.
______ | Perth | d.
______ | 151°E | Sydney |
Table
2-1 | | | |
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48.
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Point
A is located at 40°N, 75°W. Point B is located at 35°N, 120°W. When it's 10 P.M.
at point A, what time is it likely to be at point B?
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49.
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A
mapmaker has given you a map to complete. The map already has a graphic scale and a verbal scale. The
verbal scale reads, "One centimeter equals 40 kilometers." The mapmaker wants you to add
the correct fractional scale. What should you write? Show your reasoning.
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50.
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The
wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely related to the radiation's frequency. In other
words, radiation with a long wavelength has a low frequency, and radiation with a short wavelength
has a high frequency. The amount of energy in electromagnetic radiation increases with frequency. Use
this information to explain which of the forms of radiation in the table below has the most
energy.
Radiation | Wavelength (m) | Radio
wave | 8 ´ 102 | Microwave | 7 ´
10-2 | Blue
light | 5 ´ 10-7 | X-ray | 3 ´
10-11 | | |
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Mapping techniques can be used on other planets besides Earth. In 1996, the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched a satellite called the Mars Global
Surveyor toward Mars. One of the purposes of the satellite was to collect data about the surface
of Mars. The satellite reached Mars in 1997 and then gradually slowed into a low, circular orbit
around the planet. It finally began mapping the surface of Mars in 1999, a process that was scheduled
to last nearly two years.
The Mars
Global Surveyor carries a camera that can distinguish objects on the surface of Mars that are
less than 1.5 m across. It also has an instrument that measures surface elevation as well as sensors
that analyze the heat radiating from the planets surface. These sensors provide data about the
composition of different areas of the planet. All of the information collected by the Mars Global
Surveyor is transmitted to Earth in the form of radio waves. The satellite will continue to orbit
Mars for at least 50 years after its mission is completed. It does not carry enough propellant to
return to Earth.
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51.
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The
distance from Earth to Mars ranges between 78 000 000 km and 380 000 000 km, depending on the time of
year. The speed of light is 300 000 km/s. Calculate the minimum and maximum time it takes for data
transmitted by the Mars Global Surveyor to reach Earth.
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52.
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What
are the advantages of using a satellite for this project instead of sending a team of astronauts to
Mars to map the surface?
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53.
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It
takes Mars 24.6 hours to rotate once on its axis. How wide in degrees is a time zone on Mars if each
time zone represents a different hour? (Hint: Like Earth, Mars is a sphere.)
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This
map was prepared from data collected by the Mars Global Surveyor. The dashed lines on the map
surround the base of the Martian volcano Olympus Mons.
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54.
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In
which hemisphere is the area on the map?
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55.
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The
circumference of Mars is 21 200 km. What is the approximate distance of each degree of latitude on
Mars?
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56.
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How
far does the base of Olympus Mons stretch from north to south? (Hint: Use your answer from question 5
to convert degrees to kilometers.)
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57.
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Can
you estimate how far the base of Olympus Mons stretches from east to west with the same accuracy?
Explain why or why not.
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58.
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The
top of Olympus Mons is the highest point on Mars. It is 27 km above the average elevation on Mars.
(Because Mars has no oceans, its elevations cannot be defined with respect to sea level.) By
comparison, the highest point on Earth, Mt. Everest, is 8850 m above sea level. How many times higher
than Mt. Everest is Olympus Mons?
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