Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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Although a few minerals are composed of single elements, most are made from
compounds. _________________________
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2.
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Minerals can form when differences in density force magma upward into warmer
layers of Earths interior. _________________________
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3.
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Mineral crystals may begin to precipitate out of a solution that has become
saturated. _________________________
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4.
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The
most common minerals, feldspar and quartz, are carbonates.
_________________________
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5.
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Gems
are prized for their great availability and beauty. _________________________
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6.
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There
are at least 3000 known minerals in Earths crust.
_________________________
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7.
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Minerals form from cooled magma and from elements in gases.
_________________________
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8.
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Minerals can be identified based on their physical and chemical properties.
_________________________
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9.
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The
most reliable way to identify a mineral is by using a combination of several tests.
_________________________
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10.
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The
classification of a mineral as an ore does not change once it has been mined.
_________________________
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11.
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Trace
elements in a mineral do not affect the color or the value of mineral.
_________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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12.
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Minerals always exist in a(n) ____ form. a. | liquid | c. | solid | b. | gaseous | d. | organic | | | | |
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13.
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The
most abundant elements in Earths crust are ____. a. | aluminum and
potassium | c. | oxides and
carbonates | b. | halite and coal | d. | oxygen and silicon | | | | |
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14.
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Silver, gold, and copper have shiny surfaces and thus are said to have
____. a. | dull
luster | c. | waxy
luster | b. | metallic luster | d. | nonmetallic luster | | | | |
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15.
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Ores
near Earths surface generally are obtained from ____. a. | waste-removal
facilities | b. | underground mines | c. | open-pit
mines | d. | bodies of water with high concentrations of dissolved
minerals | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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16.
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A
mineral, such as salt, is naturally occurring but ____________________, in contrast to sugar, which
comes from plants.
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17.
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A
mineral can take the shape of one of the six major ____________________ systems.
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18.
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____________________ make up the most common mineral group.
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19.
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When
compounds in cooling ____________________ no longer move freely, they may interact chemically to form
minerals.
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20.
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____________________ is described as either metallic or nonmetallic.
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21.
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A
minerals ____________________ rarely changes, but sometimes does not match its external
color.
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22.
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Mohs
scale is used to compare the ____________________ of minerals.
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23.
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Mica
has perfect ____________________ in one direction; it breaks in sheets.
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24.
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When
flint and opals break, they have a unique ____________________ with arclike patterns.
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25.
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Geologists commonly use _________________________ as a measure of density for accurate
identification of a mineral.
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Matching
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | cleavage | d. | luster | b. | fracture | e. | specific gravity | c. | hardness | f. | streak | | | | |
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26.
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Ratio
of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water
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27.
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Property of splitting along one or more flat planes evenly and easily
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28.
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Property of breaking with rough or jagged edges
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29.
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Measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched
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30.
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Color
of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered
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31.
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The
way a mineral reflects light from its surface
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | crystal | d. | mineral | b. | gem | e. | ore | c. | magma | f. | silicate | | | | |
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32.
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Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with specific chemical composition and
crystalline structure
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33.
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Solid
in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns
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34.
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Molten material found beneath Earths crust
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35.
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Mineral that contains silicon and oxygen
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36.
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Mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for profit
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37.
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Valuable mineral prized for its rarity and beauty
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Short Answer
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38.
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Discuss the unique characteristic of silica that is represented in the diagram
below.
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39.
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Which
is a more reliable method of identifying a mineralstreak or color? Explain.
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40.
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How
does the cost of removing waste material affect the classification of an ore?
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41.
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Explain the meaning of the terms naturally occurring and inorganic as
they relate to mineral characteristics.
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Compare and contrast each pair of related terms or phrases.
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42.
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cleavage, fracture
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43.
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density, specific gravity
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44.
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hardness, texture
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45.
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luster, streak
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46.
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What
are three characteristics of a mineral?
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47.
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If
you took random samples of minerals from several locations, which type of mineral would you likely
have more ofoxides, silicates, or carbonates. Why?
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48.
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What
accounts for the large diversity of silicates?
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49.
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Why
is color one of the least reliable tests for identifying minerals? Give an example to support your
answer.
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50.
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Why
are some minerals classified as gems? Give three examples of gems.
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51.
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A
solution is nearly saturated with dissolved minerals. What will happen if 50 percent of the water in
the solution evaporated?
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52.
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What
conditions typically result in the formation of large, well-shaped mineral crystals?
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53.
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What
can you conclude about the atomic bonds along a plane of cleavage?
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54.
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Why
do geologists usually use a combination of tests to identify a mineral?
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55.
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What
mineral would you use to polish a piece of corundum? Why?
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56.
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Which
mineral would react to iron filingsmagnetite or graphite? What special property would that
mineral have?
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57.
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What
three factors should be considered before mining a newly found mineral deposit?
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Use
this table for the six mineral samples to answer the following questions.
Mineral | Specific Gravity | Chemical Formula | Breakage Pattern | Gold | 19.3 | Au | Hackly | Apatite | 5 | Ca5(PO4)3(F, OH, Cl) | Uneven fracture | Pyrite | 5.2 | FeS2 | Uneven
fracture | Garnet | 3.54.3 | (Mg, Fe,
Ca) 3 (Al2Si3O12) | Conchoidal fracture | Beryl | 2.75 | Be3Al2Si6O18 | Uneven fracture | Corundum | 4 | Al2O3 | Fracture | | | | |
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58.
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If
the volume of the sample of pyrite equals the volume of the sample of gold, how many times greater is
the mass of the gold sample than the mass of the pyrite sample?
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59.
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How
can the breakage pattern be used to distinguish between gold and pyrite?
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60.
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Which
of the six minerals is a native element?
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61.
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List
the six minerals in order from most dense to least dense.
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Problem
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62.
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Your
task is to determine the relative hardness on the Mohs scale of two everyday objectsa
penny and a steel pocketknife. You also have samples of gypsum, fluorite, and quartz. By
experimentation, you determine the following: The penny scratches gypsum, but it doesnt scratch
quartz, fluorite, or the knife blade. The knife scratches gypsum, fluorite, and the penny, but it
doesnt scratch quartz. What is the hardness of the penny? What range of Mohs values can
the knife blade have?
Mohs Harness
Scale | | Hardness | | Hardness of
Common
Objects | Talc | 1
(softest) | | | Gypsum | 2 | | fingernail (2.5) | Calcite | 3 | | piece of copper (3.5) | Fluorite | 4 | | iron nail (4.5) | Apatite | 5 | | glass (5.5) | Feldspar | 6 | | steel file (6.5) | Quartz | 7 | | streak plate (7) | Topaz | 8 | | scratches quartz | Corundum | 9 | | scratches topaz | Diamond | 10
(hardest) | | scratches all common materials | | | | | |
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Three
pairs of mineral samples are brought to you for testing. Both samples in one pair look like gold, but
one is pyrite, or fools gold. Both samples in the second pair look like emeralds, but one is
nonprecious apatite. Both samples in the third pair look like rubies, but one is a less valuable
garnet. Use the information in the table to complete the dichotomous key to identify each
mineral.
Mineral | Color | Hardness | Gold | Metallic
gold | 2.53 | Apatite | Blue,
green | 5 | Pyrite | Metallic pale
brass, gold | 66.5 | Garnet | Red, deep red,
brown | 6.57.5 | Beryl | Bluish green,
green | 7.58 | Corundum | Red, deep
red | 9 | | | |
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63.
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Which
mineral can scratch at least one of the green stones?
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64.
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Which
mineral can scratch neither green stone?
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65.
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Which
mineral can scratch at least one of the red stones?
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66.
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Which
mineral can scratch neither red stone?
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67.
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Which
mineral can scratch only one of the green stones?
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68.
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Which
mineral can scratch both green stones?
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