Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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The
continuous changing and reforming of rocks is called graded bedding.
_________________________
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2.
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During physical weathering, minerals remain chemically unchanged.
_________________________
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3.
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During sedimentary rock formation, cementation occurs before weathering.
_________________________
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4.
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Because of its large mass, coarse-grained clastics such as gravel tend to be
transported by low-energy flows of water. _________________________
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5.
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The
characteristic textures and features of metamorphic rocks provide a geologic
“snapshot” of surface conditions in Earth’s past.
_________________________
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6.
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Regional metamorphism is divided into low grade, intermediate grade, and high
grade metamorphism. _________________________
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7.
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The
porosity of sandstone allows it to hold oil, gas, and water.
_________________________
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8.
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Eroded
materials are almost always carried uphill. _________________________
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9.
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Landslides
create sorted deposits when sediment moves downhill in a jumbled mass.
_________________________
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10.
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When the
concentration of minerals dissolved in water reaches saturation, crystals precipitate out of
solution. _________________________
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11.
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Sedimentary
rocks form from rock and mineral fragments, and metamorphic rocks form from existing rock.
_________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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12.
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What
type of sediment particles have worn surfaces and rounded corners? a. | sorted | c. | clastic | b. | unsorted | d. | dissolved | | | | |
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13.
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What
type of bedding has the heaviest and coarsest material is on the bottom? a. | graded | c. | cementation | b. | clastic | d. | metamorphic | | | | |
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14.
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What
type of sedimentary rock is coarse-grained with angular fragments? a. | foliates | c. | conglomerates | b. | nonfoliates | d. | breccias | | | | |
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15.
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What
results when rocks come in contact with molten rocks such as those in an igneous
intrusion? a. | precipitation | c. | contact
metamorphism | b. | regional | d. | hydrothermal metamorphism | | | | |
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16.
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The
metamorphism of limestone results in the formation of ____. a. | quartzite | c. | gneiss | b. | marble | d. | silver | | | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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17.
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Much of
Earth’s surface is covered not by solid rock, but by ____________________.
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18.
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Weathering
of rock produces worn surfaces and rounded corners that are characteristic of some
____________________ sediment particles.
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19.
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Landslides,
moving water, wind, and glaciers cause ____________________ of surface materials.
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20.
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_________________________ are characteristic of sediments transported by water and
wind.
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21.
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The primary
feature of sedimentary rocks is horizontal layering called ____________________.
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22.
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The
percentage of open spaces between mineral grains in clastic rocks is its
____________________.
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23.
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The most
abundant organic sedimentary rock is calcite-rich ____________________.
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Matching
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | cross
bedding | e. | limestone | b. | evaporite | f. | nonfoliated metamorphic rock | c. | foliated
metamorphic rock | g. | porphyroblasts | d. | hydrothermal fluid | | | | |
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24.
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Layers of chemical sedimentary rocks that form from precipitated
minerals
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25.
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Composed of minerals with crystals that have their long axes perpendicular to
pressure
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26.
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Composed of minerals that form blocky crystal shapes
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27.
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Organic sedimentary rock
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28.
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Large
metamorphic crystals
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29.
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Reacts with rock to change its mineralogy, texture, and chemistry
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30.
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Inclined sediment layers that migrate forward across a horizontal
surface
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Match
each item with the correct statement below. a. | clastic | e. | regional metamorphism | b. | deposition | f. | rock
cycle | c. | lithification | g. | sediment | d. | porosity | | | | |
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31.
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Physical and
chemical processes that compact and transform sediments into sedimentary rocks
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32.
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Percentage
of open spaces between grains in a rock
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33.
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Continuous
changing and remaking of rocks
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34.
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Process of
sediments being laid down on the ground or sinking to the bottom of water
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35.
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Pieces of
solid material deposited on Earth’s surface
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36.
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Produced
when high temperature and pressure affect large areas of Earth’s crust
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37.
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Type of
sediment made up of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering
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Match
each item with the correct process below. a. | Asymmetrical ripple marks | b. | Cross
bedding | c. | Deposition of only fine sands | d. | Deposition of marine
fossils | e. | Deposition of four-footed animal fossils | f. | Graded
bedding | g. | Sorted deposition | h. | Symmetrical ripple
marks | i. | Unsorted deposition | j. | Unsorted
deposition | | |
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38.
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Marine
landslide
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39.
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Landslide
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40.
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Presence of
dry land
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41.
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One-way wave
action of wind or water
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42.
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Glacier
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43.
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Wind or
water action
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44.
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Presence of
a sea
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45.
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Wind or
water action
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46.
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Wind
action
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47.
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Back-and-forth wave action
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Short Answer
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48.
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The
diagram below shows chemical weathering. What has happened to the long, block-shaped fragments? How
do these fragments differ from the fragments that are preserved?
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49.
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List
the four classifications of clastic sediments in order from smallest to largest particle
size.
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50.
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How
does lithification relate to the process of fossilization?
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51.
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Why
is evaporite formation most common in arid regions and in restricted ocean basins and closed drainage
basins?
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52.
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How
is coal formed?
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53.
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How
can geologists infer from sedimentary rocks what the surface conditions of Earth’s past were
like?
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54.
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Why
would hydrothermal metamorphism be common around igneous intrusions and active
volcanoes?
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55.
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What
might happen to the rock cycle if the forces that cause weathering were absent on
Earth?
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Compare and contrast each pair of related terms or phrases.
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56.
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sedimentary,
metamorphic
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57.
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conglomerate, evaporite
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58.
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foliated,
nonfoliated
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59.
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What is the
sequence of events that form clastic sedimentary rocks from solid rocks?
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60.
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How do
chemical sedimentary rocks form?
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61.
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Why might
sandstone act as a reservoir for groundwater or oil, while shale would not?
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62.
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When does
contact metamorphism occur?
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63.
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How does
foliation form?
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Use the
diagram below to answer the following questions.
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64.
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How would a
decrease in the level of the barrier to freshwater inflow affect the rate of evaporation formation?
Explain your answer.
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65.
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Even though
flow from the ocean would add saltwater to the basin, the formation of evaporites depends on a
barrier to flow to and from the ocean. Why is this so?
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66.
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What might
happen over geologic time if the shallow basin was to evaporate completely?
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The figure
below represents sedimentary layers in a single geographic location. Use your completed Feature and
Probable Cause chart from the Matching section and the diagram below to answer the questions. More
than one item from the chart may be required to answer some of the
questions.
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67.
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Layer C is a
fine-grained sandstone with cross-bedding and land animal fossils. No marine fossils are present.
Under what conditions did it most likely form?
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68.
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Layer B is a
coarse-grained sandstone with graded bedding. It contains marine fossils throughout. Under what
conditions did it most likely form?
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69.
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Layer A is a
fossiliferous limestone. The fossils are of marine organisms. Under what conditions did the rock most
likely form?
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70.
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Based on the
data and your deductions, what do you think occurred in the location over time? Write a brief
description beginning with events that happened first.
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Problem
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71.
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According to the graph below, temperature rises to 500° C at about 400 MPa. At
what pressure is temperature about 1000° C, and considering this, does temperature double each
time pressure doubles?
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