Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or
phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
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1.
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Some
runoff initially flows in thin sheets and eventually collects in miniature channels called rills and
brooks. _________________________
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2.
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There
is a greater potential for erosion on shallow slopes. _________________________
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3.
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When
water runs through or over rocks containing soluble minerals, it dissolves small amounts of the
minerals and carries them away in solution. _________________________
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4.
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Both
water velocity and volume increase during times of heavy precipitation.
_________________________
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5.
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During rejuvenation, the stream actively resumes the process of downcutting toward its
bed. _________________________
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6.
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Lakes
can be common in areas where limestone is the dominant bedrock.
_________________________
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7.
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When
huge numbers of plants and animals decay, a lakes phosphate supply is depleted.
_________________________
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8.
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A
major source of algae-supporting nutrients that concentrate in lakes is phosphate detergents.
_________________________
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9.
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Stream banks have historically enticed farmers to use the land for crop
production, even at the risk of losing crops to flooding. _________________________
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10.
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In a stream,
small particles, such as silt, clay, and sand are carried in solution.
_________________________
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11.
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Deltas are fan-shaped deposits found on valley floors at the base of mountains.
_________________________
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12.
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Heavy
accumulations of excess water from large regional drainage systems can result in downstream
floods. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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13.
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The
three ways in which a stream carries its load are in solution, suspension, and ____. a. | stream
velocity | c. | bed
load | b. | stream
channel | d. | channel
capacity | | | | |
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14.
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Which
of the following is the formula for discharge? a. | discharge = width ´ depth ´ velocity | b. | discharge =
stream load ´ depth ´ velocity | c. | discharge = stream load ´ friction
´
velocity | d. | discharge = width ´ depth ´ velocity ´ friction | | |
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15.
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In
order for rejuvenation to take place in a stream, what must occur first? a. | Deposition must
stop. | b. | The stream must dry up. | c. | The land over
which the stream flows uplifts. | d. | The discharge must increase. | | |
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16.
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Which
of the following statements is true about the development of a stream? a. | A streams
slope increases as it approaches base level. | b. | Water along the
sides and bottom of the channel flows more rapidly. | c. | Deposition is
greater in the outside curve of a meander. | d. | The velocity of water is greater along the outside of a meander
curve. | | |
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17.
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The
eutrophication of a lake leads to ____. a. | the formation of a bog | b. | the decay of
dead plants and animals | c. | the death of all life in the lake | d. | fertilizers from
farmers fields being picked up by the lake | | |
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18.
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Potholes
form in the stream bottom when ____. a. | the water dissolves the bedrock | b. | turbulence causes
pebbles to swirl | c. | an increase in suspended load occurs | d. | the streams
carrying capacity decreases | | |
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19.
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The carrying
capacity of a stream is its ____. a. | ability to transport sediment | c. | volume of flow | b. | rate of runoff entering
the channel | d. | stream bank
height | | | | |
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20.
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Streams
lengthen through ____. a. | eutrophication | c. | headward erosion | b. | suspension | d. | upstream
flooding | | | | |
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21.
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V-shaped
channels like the Grand Canyon are formed by ____. a. | a sudden decrease in
stream gradient | c. | streams overflowing
their banks | b. | stream downcutting | d. | streams capturing another stream | | | | |
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22.
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A
blocked-off meander eventually becomes ____. a. | part of the stream again | c. | an oxbow lake | b. | rejuvenated | d. | an alluvial
fan | | | | |
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23.
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Which of the
following statements is NOT true about wetlands? a. | Wetlands result from the eutrophication of a
lake. | b. | Lack of oxygen and lack of minerals create an atmosphere that is
inhospitable to many plants. | c. | Freshwater marshes often form along the streams mouth and in
areas with deltas. | d. | Wetlands only exist in freshwater areas. | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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24.
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Water that
flows downslope along Earths surface is called ____________________.
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25.
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A stream has
a(n) ____________________, which is the land area whose water drains into the streams
system.
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26.
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Any high
land area that separates one watershed from another is termed a(n)
____________________.
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27.
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Material is
carried in ____________________ after it becomes dissolved in a streams water.
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28.
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All
particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a streams moving water are carried in
____________________.
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29.
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A
streams ____________________ consists of all sand, pebbles, and cobbles that the streams
water can roll or push along the bed of the stream.
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30.
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____________________ is the total volume of stream water that flows over a particular
location within a given period of time.
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31.
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Flowing
surface water carves a(n) _________________________, or a narrow pathway, into rock.
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Matching
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Match
each item with the correct definition below. a. | rejuvenation | e. | meander | b. | lake | f. | delta | c. | stream banks | g. | wetland | d. | flood | | | | |
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32.
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The ground
that borders a stream and holds the water within the confines of the channel
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33.
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A bend or
curve in a stream channel
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34.
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A triangular
deposit that forms where a stream enters a large body of water
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35.
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A stream
resumes the process of downcutting
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36.
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A depression
in the land that holds water
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37.
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An area
periodically saturated with water
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38.
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Water spills
over the sides of a streams banks
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Short Answer
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39.
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Compare and contrast materials carried in suspension and solution by the
stream.
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40.
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Identify the two stream formations shown below. Compare how each is
formed.
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41.
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Describe three processes of lake formation.
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42.
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Explain how people have contributed to the destruction of wetlands.
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43.
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Explain how floodplains develop such highly fertile soils.
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44.
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Compare downstream and upstream flooding.
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45.
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What
factors increase or decrease the amount of runoff in an area?
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46.
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In
the diagram below, a section of a meandering stream is shown. What occurs at the areas labeled A and
B?
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47.
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Describe
what causes a stream to stop downcutting its bed and what causes it to start again.
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48.
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Compare the
velocity of water, the erosion, and the deposition along the inside and outside of a meander
curve.
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49.
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Describe
three ways a natural lake can form.
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50.
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How does an
increase in a streams velocity affect its discharge and carrying capacity?
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51.
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How do
vegetation and slope affect runoff?
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The graph
shows the discharge of a river that flows through two cities, Frankston and Wet Gulch. At either
city, the rivers banks cannot handle a discharge of 3.5 million cubic meters per second or
more. At that point, the river reaches its flood stage. Study the graph and answer the
questions.
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52.
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During how
many days in March did the river at Wet Gulch and Frankston overflow its banks?
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53.
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Wet Gulch is
downstream from Frankston. How might this account for the difference in discharge between the two
towns after March 10?
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54.
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Both cities
were founded as farming communities during the 1800s on the floodplain. Describe the physical
features of a floodplain, and hypothesize as to why people wanted to live on them.
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Problem
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The table
lists water quality measurements that were taken over a 40-year period at Lake Smith. Measurements
included dissolved oxygen, pH, phosphate, nitrogen, the number of largemouth bass, and mosses and
grasses. Dissolved oxygen is the measure of the amount of oxygen available to life-forms in the
water. Largemouth bass is a common variety of fish found in healthy lakes. Mosses and grasses start
to appear as the pH of the water becomes more acidic.
Water Quality at Lake Smith | | 1950 | 1955 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | Dissolved oxygen
(parts per million,
or ppm) | 20 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 9 | pH | 7.6 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | Phosphate
(ppm) | 0.0 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.55 | Nitrogen
(ppm) | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.45 | Largemouth
bass | 450 | 455 | 448 | 338 | 235 | 220 | 155 | 125 | 50 | Mosses and
grasses | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 15 | 18 | 29 | 35 | 55 | | | | | | | | | | |
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55.
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What is
eutrophication? Did it occur at Lake Smith? Explain your answer.
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56.
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After 1950,
farmers in the Lake Smith area increased their use of fertilizers. Does the data support this
statement? Explain your answer.
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57.
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How do
changes in phosphate and dissolved oxygen content over time compare? Explain the changes that took
place.
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58.
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What do you
predict will happen to the lake in the next 40 years?
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59.
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The table
shows that the number of largemouth bass decreased as the number of mosses and grasses increased.
From this data, can you conclude that the increase of mosses and grasses caused the largemouth bass
population to decline? Explain your answer.
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