Adiabatic cooling occurs as rising air expands. The air expands because the pressure on it is decreasing.
 
 
Most surface water runoff occurs if the soil is bare, precipitation rate exceeds permeability rate, soil is saturated and slope of land is too great.
 

Notice that a wooded area's water runoff rate is about 0.12% while bare soil is 49% (a higher value means a greater amount of runoff)

  
Chemical weathering dominates in warm, humid climates.
 
Example of chemical weathering
Example of a warm & humid climate

 

  
Physical Weathering dominates in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging).
 
Example of physical weathering (ice wedging)
Example of a cold & dry climate
 
Gravity is the force that drives erosion.
 

All types of mass wasting above are a direct result of gravity.

 
Streams are currently the number one agent of erosion in New York State.
 
 
Stream velocity depends on slope (gradient) and discharge.
 
Slope change from the high elevation (head) to the low elevation (mouth)
Discharge is the amount of water flowing in this picture
 
Velocity is greatest on the out side of meander bend.
 
 
Heavy, round and dense particle settle out first.
 

Above is a large glass cylinder containing a mixture of sediments of the same density and water.
The container was shaken. After a few minutes, this is how the sample looked.

 
Water sorts sediments by size vertically, with the biggest sentiments on the bottom only when sediments settle in still water.
 
 

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